Data revolving



P 1961 G. l. WILLIAMS 3,001,180

DATA REVOLVING Filed Aug. 25, 1954 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 44 ERASE VI cmculr 1 5 M2312? GENERA T0? WRIT/N6 22 READ/N6- 24 MP, 2/ cmcu/r 4/ AMPL/F/E 071' PUT 4a FL/PFLOP 0 REGIRGUL ATE F I G 2.

INF, 4 REGIRCULA r5 rm: /6 I8 20 M 5 M54 2 M M 114 56 u a; E, 550 D E] E] INVENTOR 5 W M M 54 M M 55 52 GERALD WILL m M5 ATTORNEY-'5 G. I. WILLIAMS DATA REVOLVING Sept. 19, 1961 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 23, 1954 s Q m m A H. K Q mo 9 M/ \N 23mm M MN b\..

m bi WK DATA REVOLVING V, Gerald I. Williams, Roseville, Minn, assignor to Sperry Rand Corporation, a corporation of Delaware Filed Aug. 23, 1954, Ser. No. 451,617

18 Claims. (ELMO-174.1)

- This invention relates to methods and apparatus for storing and reproducing information or the like. The invention is mainly concerned with magnetic recording on the" surface of rotating drums, and the following explanation will proceed in regard thereto. However, the invention is equally applicable to any e'rasable'non-magnetic recording andmay utilizeyany'movable record member such as drums, disks, tapes or belts to carry the recording medium. j Y. f

In U.S. Patent No. 2,540,654, issued 'February 6, 1 951, to A.A. Cohen et al., there is. described apparatus for recording magnetic spots or cells on thesurface of an elongatedmagnetizable member which is adapted to be moved. continuously in relation to various magnetic transducing heads. In a specific embodiment therein disclosed, the magnetizable surface is in the form of magnetic tape which is wrapped tightly about the periphery of a rotat-v able drum. The patent described how so-called binary magnetic spots, that is, spots having flusoriented in one of twopossible directions, may be recorded upon, -re

moved from, and altered in the message or intelligence tracks of the drum.- These spots represent binary digital signals with onevalue representing 1 and the other value indicating 0. It is explained how either discrete or nondiscrete signals may be used in recording the-spots.- In the so-called non-return-to-zero type of pattern, aseries of flux notations of thesame character may beblended into one anotherto form a continuous flux field in one direction. The flux shifts tothe opposite direction to indi: eats the other binary character and remainsin that direction until the recurrence of the-first binary character; whereas inreturrrto-zero reading, thefiux remains in the direction but shifts momentarily to the other level to indicate a 1. v I

This invention relates to but-is not restricted to the techniques described in the above-cited: Cohen Patent 2,540,654. The rotating magnetic drum as disclosed therein has proved itself to be a satisfactory storage medium for an electronic data or information processing system Ce 3,0dl,180

Patente Sept. 19, 19s

2 at a precise separation, one of the transducers may be adjustable in a tangential or circumferential direction Suitable mounts are described in the copending applica tion of Robert L. Perkins, Serial No. 421,573, filed April" 7, 1954, now Patent No. 2,864,892. Inusing tangentially adjustable mountings, the writing and reading transducers ordinarily have a minimum separation in the order of 100 or more cell spaces, and an interval equal to the time required for 100 cell spaces to pass a reading transducer: cannot'be truly termed rapid access. I

It'is accordingly an object of this invention to provide an improved revolver or recirculation system which is capable of rapid access storage. t

It is a further object of this invention to provide a drum revolver, the recirculation time of which is independent of the minimum spacing at which adjacent transducers;

" may be mounted.

tive embodiment of this invention;

FIGURE 2 illustrates the loading of at six progressive time intervals;

FIGURE 3 is 'a fragmentary view of the diagrammatic layout of FIGURE 1. showing a modification of the inf,

a revolver track vention;

. junction with the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE l;-v and FIGURES 4 through 12 illustrates the build-up of the re-recorde d information on a record member by reading means located at ditferent positions; 7 V. FIGURE 13 is a writing circuit suitable for use in con-f- FIGURES. 14 and 15 illustrate other modifications of the invention utilizing delay mealm With reference to FIGURE 1 showing an exemplary applicationof this invention, one track or record member,

10 of a rotating magnetic drum 12 which is moving in a direction indicated by the arrow 14 is reserved for as a data or information revolver track. Associated track 10 are a single writing transducer 16 and two read ing transducers 18 and 20. While any one of these three with respect to speed, capacity, reliability and economy.

While the magnetic drum is generally thought of as providing only medium access time, it, can provide data rather quickly where the data may be arranged onthe drum so as to be available for playback. at the instant .it is required (so-called'minimum access programming), or where the data can be played back a short time before it is needed and held in a drumrevolver.

-A drum revolver or recirculation system in its simplest form consists of a writing transducer and a reading transducer mounted along the same. track. An example and application of this type revolver may be found in the copending application of John .L. Hill, Serial No. 431,108, filed May 20, 1954. Data recorded on the track .by the writing transducer is fed back thereto through .thereading transducer and so .can be read-out to the data processing equipment in the time required for the drum to move through the angle subtended by the two transducers. To keep this recirculationsynchronizedwith the timing of thesystem, the two transducers must be separated by an integral number of cell spaces, less a short distance to allow for delays inherent in the reading and recording operations.

drum' such "that two transducers may befixedly mounted transducers may be fixedly mounted to the shroud of the. drum (not shown), the other two are preferably adjustable eithe r tang entially or circumferentially so that the three may be positioned at precise distances from each other as will beexplained below.

Information in the form of input signals on line 21 is recorded on revolver track 10 by means of writing circuit 22 and writing transducer 16 and is fed back via reading transducer 18 and reading amplifier 24 toenable gate 26- to which are applied timing pulses generated from timing track 28 by means of reading transducer 30 and timing pulse generator 32. Hence, for each 1" read by transducer 18, a timing pulse willissue from gate.

26 and pass through gate 34 to cause a 1 to be're written on'track 10, providing gate 34 is enabled by flip-f flop 36. g .f, The circuit components indicated in the boxes just r ferred to and shown in FIGURE 1 may take a numberf of well known forms. Forexample, the reading ampli fier, two-input gate and flip-flop are shown and described in U.S. Patent 2,614,169, October 14, 1952, toCohenet, 211., ,while means for generating timing pulses are specified in Cohen Patent 2,540,654. A suitable Writing circuit is shown in FIGURE 13 and willbe describedbelow. After the periphery of the drum moves through the distance by which reading transducer 20 is separated accrues from writing transducer 1 6, the former will also initiate recirculation of the signals through lead 38 which it shares with reading transducer 18. The signals then re circu a e hrough both reading tr nsducers 18 and 2a to provide a continuous output on lead 40 andv a recirculated inputv on lead 41 until gate 34 is disabled by the resetting The magnetic. spots may be erased whenithey pass under erase head 42 which. may or may not operate continuously, .Incertain instances it is desirable to energize the erase circuit 4 only in clearing rev lv track '10,

. because this iusutesthat the information will not be erased in theevent of power failure. 1011 the other hand,

a, continuouserase allows the rest of the trackto be used to mount other, revolversand is more economical of equipment. I v v This invention may bernore readily understood with reference to aspecific example. Let it be assumed that signa smay. berrecorded in 100 cellsper inch of track, that the smallest separation at which two transducers may be mounted along a single track is two inches, but

that it is desired to recirculate a message or certain informati n each. time th drum moves hr h distance occupied by 100 cells. It will be appreciated that a message more than 100 bits (binary digits) in length cannot be recirculated at this rate; Reading transducer, 18

may be mounted a distance equal to 200 cells from writting transducer 16 in the direction toward which the drum is rotating and transducer'20 maybe located another 0'cells further down the track from reading transducer 18.

,In this example, the distance or related time interval between the writing transducer 16 (i.e., the point at. which it writes a piece of information onto the record member) and the downstream first point of reading as by reading transducer 18, maybe consideredof numerical value X; whereas the distance or delay time for the writing point .to the. second reading point indicated by reading transducer may be considered '2.X+Y. Then, in accordance with this invention, X and Y, after each is divided by their largest common whole. number iactor, result in .two numbers which are relativelyprime. In

example, the second reading head is spaced a distance X+Y from the first reading head 18, which in turn is. spaced from the writing'he'ad a distance X as above ,indicatedl However, as will be later apparent, the reverse situation of the first reading head 18 being a distance X+Y. from writing head 16 and a distance X from the second reading head 20, may be employed.

Themanner in which the information or message M is recirculated may best be understood with reference to FIGURE 2 which shows six views of track 10 in the vicinity of the transducers at progressive time intervals.

FIGURE 2 at time (a) shows track 10 immediately after the message M is originally recorded; It may occupy approximately 70 consecutive cell spaceswhich are indicated generally by the character 50. At time (b), the track has moved a short distance in the direction 14 and the message is being rewritten as it is being recirculated through reading transducer 18 to occupy a segment 52 of track 10. Each, character in the message written in track segment 52 is 200 cell spaces behind the corre-'' sponding character in track segment 50. The message integer 1 or larger.

angle subtended by n consecutive cells on revolver track 10. The first reading transducer 18 is positioned at a distance d from the writing transducer 16 so that when d is expressed by a number of cell spaces, the ratio'dm is the smallest possible integer. The second transducer 20 is then positioned at a distance d+n from reading transducer 18 or at a distance 2d+n from writing trans-V ducer 16. The minimum possible" spacing between transducers may be termed dmmimm or d At this point it should be mentioned that, of course, the minimum length of n in a particular case is the length of the message M. However, M need not be the fulllengthof n.

V In order to determine the distance x through which the drum rotates i before continuous. recirculation is achieved, the equation may be used. In the specific example illustrated in URE 2,, the establishment ofcontinuous recirculation for the case of n equal to 100 cell spaces where the minimum head spacing d was 2.00 cells (ai in this case by coincidence being equal to. d), required the drum to move through400 cell spaces. To obtain continuous recirculation every 30 cells, where two transducers can be mounted at a spacing of 180 cell spaces, requires a delay of 1800 cell spaces or less than a complete revolution of a six-inch diameter drum containing 100 cells'to the inch. Programming of the data processing system to allow for a delayof this extent would not-ordinarily involve any difiiculty. 1 r

In the general case, the second reading transducer 20' may be positioned from the recording transducer 16 not only a distance 2d+ri but also at any distance bd+an where b is any integer l or larger than 1 and a is any b or a is' increased beyond its minimum value. The

7 actual distance between the writing head 16' and first is rewritten, at time (6) intrack segment 54 by resin" culation through transducer -18 and again in segment. 56 at time (d), this time through second reading transducer 20. It will now be seen that the digits recorded in trash segment 56 are only 100 cellsbehind those in segment '54. Consideration ofFI'GURE 2 at times (e) and (f) V will show that the message M will be recirculated each time the drum moves through. 100 cell spaces, with read- 1 ing transducersls and 20 playing back corresponding digits simultaneously. 7

Suppose that it is desired, to recirculate information a or a mes ag ea hti ne-the drumv mo es hro gh h reading head 18 may also be a multiple of d; However, 7 in this case t2, the multiple of d for the second reading 7 head 20, would necessarily be increased by an amount equal to the multiple of d for the first reading head 18.

It will be apparent that the general case as described above includes the specific case wherein the first reading transducer may be arbitrarily placed more than the minimum possible spacing d plus any residual fraction of n from the writing transducer, so that the second read 7 ing transducer may be in fact closer to the first reading transducer than is the first reading transducer to the writing transducer. (It is possible that d might be equal to n.) Such a case is within the scope ofthe present invention. However, it would appear that the I fill-up time would be unnecessarily lengthened.

FIGURES 4 through 11 show situations where a and b have been varied The record member 10 shown only as a thin line has passed under the writing head 16 and reading heads 18 and 20 and progressed to thecposition shown ,in'the. difierent illustrations. The distance x is the length of record from the starting point 23 to the point. 25 at'which continuous circulation at n spacing since 3n equals d, no repetition at n spacings is produced.

-FIGURES 7 through 10 represent similar situations excep he/distance d is an; even multiple of .21.; Upon FIG- i However, thedistance x, through which the drum would necessarily rotate before continu-' ous recirculation is achieved, is increased when either ates as desired.

some;

. increasing the distance of the second reading ttansduc'er -20 by multiples of'n, it will be noted in FIGURES -8 and 110 that where the multipleof n is even, there 'is'never anachievement of continuous repetition atn spacings. However, when the multiple of -n is odd, the system oper- FIGURE 11 shows a case where the second reading transducer 20 ismoved to a position 3d+'n from'the writing transducer 16 while the first transducer 18 remains at d. Again the distance x is increased.

If the distance x becomes-critical even when the second reading transducer 20 is spaced at 2d+n from the writing transducer 16, it has been found that the addition of a third reading head 21 (FIG. 3) placed at a position further along the recording path in the direction of rec- 0rd movement will increase the rate of the progressive build-up; that is, the distance x can in this manner he made even smaller than the .value given by the equation For example, FIGURE 12 shows a specific instance wherein three reading transducers are employed. The spacing n desired has been arbitrarily chosen as units and since d minimum in this case is 1 unit, the lowest possible integer of the fraction n permits d to be -1 unit. The second reading transducer 20 isJ-Set a distance from the writing transducer 16- of 2d+n, and thethird reading transducer 21 is placed from the writing transducer a distance 3d+2n. The second andthird reading transducers are then each separated from adjacent transducers a distance d +n. I? The distance x the record moved in FIGURE 12 before continuous recirculation was achieved equals 3 units, being; only three-fourths the distance required for the tape .to move if two reading heads had been employed as. in. FIGURE 4. By. moving the third reading transducer 21 to a position b d+a n where h is any integer larger than 1 and a is any even or odd integer, the distancev x'may be shortened if necessary, to accommodate for the desired programming of the data processing system. The distance x may also be varied in a three reading head combination by locating the second reading head 18 .at a distance b d+a n where h is any integer largerthan l and a is any even or odd integer. The only other limitation on either 12 or b is such that the adjacent transducers are separated an amount equaling at least d minimum. 1 a

Since rt maybe desired tov have a length varying from zero to :1 minimum, it has been found the second reading transducer 20 in a two reading head combination would be required to cover a range along the record member of nearly 3 times d minimum. With the addition of a third'reading head 21, however, the adjustment range 'of all reading transducers would be less than 2 times d Reference is now made to FIGURE 13 which details a writing circuit capable of the high speed writing action required in this invention; If a magnetic drum having '100- cells per inch of track is rotated to attain a peripheral velocity of1600 inches per second, the writing circuit must be able to write a magnetic spot every 6 microseconds, The writing operation is initiated bypositive signals on input line 21 or being recirculated to arrive on line 41. These positive pulses when applied to the con trol grid of pentode 60 cause that tube to conduct. The resultant pulse at the plate is applied to transformer 62 to energize the winding 64 of writing transducer 16. Since the binary O is represented by the absence of a pulse and the revolver track 10 is originallyerased to the "0 condition, no means is required for writing (V5.

'Although "interleaving of the information; anaemia; or "messages M has hereinbefore been explained by utilizing two or more reading transducers, it is within the scope of this invention to produce the same effect with only one reading transducer 18 (FIGURE 14) whose output is immediately fed back to the writing transducer 16 and also fed back through a predetermined delay 19'. This delay could be timed to allow continuous circulation at the desired shortened access or repetitive spacing n. FIGURE 15 illustrates a similar type system except the delay 27 is added. If this delay were longer in time than delay 19, a situation analogous to the aboveexplained three reading head combination could be obtained. It would only be necessary to translate the distances calculated for the second and/or third reading heads, 20 and 21, respectively, into time according to the speed of the record member 10. FIGURES 14'and l5 exemplify the basic apparatus utilizing delay line means, but it should be understood that the reading amplifier 24, gates 26 and 34 with their enabler and writing circuit 22, all shown in FIGURE 1, may be employed therewith. I

While this invention has been illustrated by a specific embodiment which utilizes the return-to-zero method of recording binarydigital data, it is equally applicable to the non-return-to-zero pattern referred to hereinbefore and thoroughly explained in the above-mentioned Cohen et al. Patent 2,540,654.

This invention is also adaptable to other methods of digital recording, both magnetic and non-magnetic.

The specific embodiment of this invention has been discussed with reference to a single revolver, but a number of such revolvers may be operated in parallel if the data processing system so requires. If a limited number of tracks are available, a number of revolvers could share the same track. Provision could also-- be made to interlace several messages on the revolver traclgif the timing of the data processing system so required In this case a separate output would be required for each message, each output being controlled by correspondingly interlaced clock pulses. It will be appreciated that many embodiments of this invention will occur to others, and applications may be made to non-cyclical and/or non-magnetic record members'without departing from the scope thereof. For instance, this invention may be used to locate information one. magnetic tape, after which the tape is rewound -to be ready for subsequent searches. For such an appli cation, one or more tracks on the tape would conveniently be reserved for operation of the revolver. Where insufiicient time was abailable for rewinding, a search could be made in the reverse direction if the transducing heads were capable of both recording and playback and were connected to the recirculation circuitry through a 7 double-pole-double-throw switch.

Therefore, it is intended that the matter contained in the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not liimitative, the scope of the invention being defined in the appended claims. I

What is claimed is:

1. An information recording system comprising a mov.- able record member, means for Writing information in a given path on said record member only once each time said information is received by the Writing means, means for reading said'information from said record path at the end of a given time interval which begins with the writing of said informatiom'means coupling said reading means to the writing means whereby the information read by the reading means is re-written in said given path on the record member at the end of said given time interval, and means coupled between said record path and writing means for returning any written information in said path back to the writing means for rewriting" there'- of in said given path after a second time interval which with the writing of such information but which second time intervals being related to cause information to be repeatedly re-recorded only once in each of successive, discrete time periods each of which is less than said given time interval. 7 V

2. A system as in claim 1 wherein said reading means 7 and saidmeans for returning the information to the writing means together comprise a plurality of reading transducer devices each connected to drive the writing meansv and each positioned along the recording path of said record member at'difierent distances from said writing means for continuously reading and re-rccording said information within equal adjacent spacings of predetermined leng-th, both of said transducers being connected to energizethe recording transducer.

3. A system as in claim 2 wherein'said plurality of reading, transducer devices comprises three transducers and saidjdifierent distances are so related that the two furthermostreading transducers are located according to the formula bd-l-an, where d equals an integral division a of the distance from the writing transducer to the nearest reading transducenb is an integer always'larger than the. multipleof d determining the nearest reading transducer distance, and for the :furtherrnost reading transducers being larger bythe addition of at least the number onethan bfor the center reading transducer where a timesjijfor -the'furthermost transducer is larger than d,

a is an integer, n-iequals said predetermined. length of sp s n is. an. integer.

4.. A system as: in claim 3 wherein. the position of the firstreading transducer is at the distance d, the center reading transducer is positioned at. bgd-l-Llgi'l, and the distance to the furthermost-reading transducer is. b d+a n,

' a (1 b and 1'23, being determined to effect a predetermined rate of change of said. changing rate andto produce continuous recirculation of said information at n spacings.

5.. A system as. in. claim. 1 wherein said coupling means comprises a direct connection between said readingand Writing: means and said returning means includes at least one delay means paralleling said direct connection. for producing an interleaving effect of the re-rccorded information on said. record member.

6. A system as in claim 1 wherein the said returning means comprises a second reading means spaced along said path a given distance from the first mentioned read.- ing -means, and means interconnecting, the second reading a means; with. the writing means to drive the. latter.

7. A system as in claim I wherein'said second time interval is of duration 2X+Y and said given time interval hasa duration of one of the following: X or X-l-Y;

X and Y, after division of each of their largest common whole number factor, being two numbers which are relatively prime. v

, 8. An information recirculation system comprising a plurality of' simultaneously operating electrical signal revolvers each having a-different signal cycling time and simultaneously sharing a common path from a first point to a second point downstream, means for initiallyintroducing a. signal into said system at only a single point in. one of said revolvers, said path effectively including afirst delay line having a given signal delay tirne'which issubstantially the cycling time for the first of said revolvers, each remaining revolver" having a return path different from that for any otherrevolver and connected between, said second point in the cycling direction back.

to said first point and efiectivelyincludingits own second is" greater than said. given time interval, said given.- and delay line which has adelay time rclatedto the firstnien tioned delay time to cause anysignal initially introduced at said single point and simultaneously revolved by therevolversonce during their respective different cycling times to appear after apredetermined time only once in each of successive time periods each of'which is less V in duration than the shortest of said cycling times.

9. A- system as in claim 8 wherein said second point is timewise effectively located a timeX from said first point by one of the said first and second delay lines and a time X-l-Y from said first point by another of said first and second delay lines, X and Y, after division by their largest common whole number factor, being two numbers which are relatively prime;

10. An electrical signalrecircul-ating system compris: inga revolver path for completely revolving :an electrical signal during a given. cycling time, said path including means coupled from a first point in the path, to a second point therein in the cycling direction for efi'ectively causing the path to have said given cycling time and return coupling means for coupling said second point'substantially instantly back to said first point, means for introducing said electrical signal into said path atonly said first point whereby said signal is repeatedly cycled in the path, and at least a second return coupling meanssimul taneously operating with and shunting tbe first mentioned return coupling means for effectively delaying said signal after it arrives each time at said second point inits return to said first point, the arrangement being such that there are eflectively at least two revolver paths, one being theone mentioned. and the other being common thereto betweensaid first and second points in thecycling direction and including the second return coupling means instead of the firstmentioned return coupling means, the

cfiectivedelay in. the second return coupling means hav ing a time value related to said given cycling. time to causesaid.v signal to pass said first point more often than 7 once per said given cycling time. 11. A system for recording, given information upon. a

movable record member comprising a single writing transducer associated. with the record member for recording the said information in a given track thereom.

at: least two reading transducers each. positioned along the said. record member track at different predetermined distances. from said writing transducer and in the dirw tion of movement of the record member for reading. the

said information as recorded, and means connecting both of said reading transducers simultaneously operativel y to the writing transducer for returning thereto the said said two transducers where X and. Y, after division of,

each by their largest common whole number factor, result. in two numbers which. are: relatively prime, the arrangement being, such that the said given. information may be. repeatedly recorded aftera predetermined time in said track. in each. of. successive discrete lengths thereof with each. of said lengths being substantially shorter than the shorter of the distances X or Y.

12. A system as in claim 11 wherein said reading ducers are positioned along the recording path of the record member at said different distances predetermined to maintain the relationship bd-l-an for the distance'to one of the reading transducers from thewritin'g trans?- ducer where d equals an integral'division of. the distance from the writing transducer to another and closer readiilg 't'ransd'ucer, b'i's ani'ntegsr larger than the multiple-of trans.

d determining the closer reading transducer distance, a is an integer, n equals the recording spacing, and

- n' is an integer.

13. A system as in claim 12 wherein said means to return said information includes generating means for producing synchronizing pulses, gating means adapted to receive the pulses and said information and coupled to said writing transducer for re-recording said information.

14. A system as in claim 13 wherein said means to return the said given information as read further comprises a second gating means adapted to receive the said information from said first mentioned gating means for permitting and stopping recirculation, flip-flop means enabling the second gating means during a desired period of recirculation time, and writing circuit means connected to the second gating means and to the writing transducer for control thereof, and an output line connected to said second gating means for obtaining the said given information at the desired access time.

15. A system as in claim 11 wherein the reading transducer located next to the writing transducer is positioned so that the lesser or least of said difierent predetermined distances is the minimum distance physically possible.

16. A system for revolving a block of data of up to length n between reading and recording transducers where the spacing between a reading and recording transducer is d or a multiple of d and where two or more blocks of data each of up to said length It may be fitted evenly into the distance d, the system comprising a record path, said recording transducer for writing said block of data at only one point along said path, said reading transducer positioned along said path to read said block of data at said distance a or multiple of said distance d is an integer to read said block of data, and means for returning to said recording transducer the data read by said second reading transducer, to cause continuous rerecording of said block of data only once in'each successive length n of said path.

17. A revolver system as in claim 16 wherein X is the distance between the recording transducer and the first mentioned reading transducer and a is any integral number which makes X divided by an result in a whole number when there is an odd number of ns per d, and is any odd integer when there is an even number or" ns per a.

18. A revolver system as in claim 16 wherein the first mentioned reading transducer is positioned at the distance d from the recording transducer, and the second reading transducer is positioned at a distance d-l-n from the first reading transducer.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,672,944 Minton Mar. 23, 1954 2,674,660 Ambrose Apr. 6, 1954- 2,680,239 Daniels et a1. June 1, 1954 2,718,356 Burrell et a1. Sept. 20, 1955 2,770,797 Hamilton et a1 Nov. 13, 1956 2,845,609 Newman et a1 July 29, 1958 OTHER REFERENCES Quick-Access Memory in Instruments, March 1954, page 474 relied upon. 

